MB- 415: GENETICS - IV (EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS)
[100 marks, 4 Credits; Theory lecture of 4 hours per week.]
Course Objective:
The course will provide basic concepts on the theories and patterns, derivers and trends of evolution. The course also will cover the of reproductive isolation and speciation.
Course outcome:
1. Understanding of theconcepts on the theories and patterns, derivers and trends of evolution along with the reproductive isolation and speciation.
Course content:
I. Evolutionary patterns and theories: biological variation and evolutionary change; Darwin and Wallace – natural selection, adaptation. Microevolution, macroevolution. Evolutionary history: reading trees, monophyly, Tree of life. Phylogeny and the fossil record. Evolutionary trends; Rates of evolution
II. Drivers of evolution: Genetic drift –Migration/Gene Flow. Adaptation – Fitness, coefficient of selection. One-locus models, multi-locus models, modes of selection. Non-adaptive traits. Molecular evolution. Neutral theory. Molecular clock. Testing for selection. Modes of selection. Pairwise distances and molecular divergence. Molecular models.
III. Evolutionary trends: maximum parsimony, origin and evolution of traits across life and green plants.Inferring phylogenies: Maximum Likelihood estimation of trees – concepts and analysis of gene trees, species trees.
IV. Reproductive isolation and Speciation: Species concepts and processes of speciation. Drivers of speciation. Geographic patterns. Evolutionary mechanisms. Post-zygotic and pre-zygotic isolation in allopatry and sympatry, reinforcement, character displacement. Hybrid speciation, hybrid zones. Adaptive Radiation
Suggested Readings:
1. Futuyma, D. J. (1998). Evolutionary Biology (3rd Edition). Sinauer Associates.
2. Ridley, M. (2003). Evolution (3rd edition), Blackwell.
3. Page, R. D. M. and Holmes E. C. (1998). Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach, Blackwell.
4. Herron J. C. and Freeman, S. C. (2015). Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition). Prentice Hall..
MB- 403 P: General Practical - IV (Practical corresponding to MB-401& MB-402)[75 marks,3 credits; Practice period of 6 hour per week]
Section A:Plant Biotechnology
1. Isolation of genomic DNA from plants
2. Isolation of plasmid DNA
3. Quality and quantity assessment of DNA
4. PCR amplification of DNA using random/specific primers
5. Analysis of the PCR amplified profiles
6. Restriction analysis of PCR amplified fragments
7. Preparation of plant tissue culture media
8. Aseptic techniques and in vitro regeneration of plants
MB- 401: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
[100 marks, 4 credits; Theory lecture of 4 hours per week.]
Course Objective:
To provide theoretical and practical knowledge on the concept of plant genome organization, use of molecular tools & cloning, plant tissue culture techniques and transgenic plant development
Course outcome:
Understanding of the theoretical and practical knowledge on the concept of plant genome organization, use of molecular tools & cloning, plant tissue culture techniques and transgenic plant development
Course content:
I. Plant Genome: Nuclear and cytoplasmic; Significance of organelle genomes; Genome size and sequence components. Evolution of Crop Plants: Centres of Origin - crop and its significance, Genetic basis of breeding self- and cross - pollinated crops including mating systems and response to selection - nature of variability, Plant introduction and role of plant genetic resources in plant breeding; Self-incompatibility and male sterility in crop plants and their commercial exploitation. Molecular markers: Restriction based and PCR based; RFLP: methodology and applications, RAPD & AFLP; Development of SCAR and SSR, SNP markers; Gene pyramiding
II. DNA Cloning Methods: Insertion of Foreign DNA into Host Cells; Transformation; Construction of libraries; Isolation of mRNA and total RNA; cDNA and genomic libraries; cDNA and genomic cloning; Expression cloning
III. Plant Tissue Culture Technique: Totipotency; Tissue culture media; Plant hormones and morphogenesis; Direct and indirect organogenesis; Cell suspension culture; Micropropagation – shoot tip culture, somatic embryos, artificial seeds, hardening and transplantation, somaclonal variation and genetic fidelity testing, artificial seeds; Applications of tissue culture; Virus elimination by shoot tip culture. Protoplast isolation and purification; Protoplast viability test; Protoplast culture and regeneration; Wide hybridization and embryo culture; Anther culture and dihaploids; Somatic hybridization - methods and applications; Cybrids and gametoclonal variations. Hairy root culture and production of secondary
through cell culture techniques.
IV. Development of Transgenic plants: Agrobacterium-plant interaction; Virulence; Ti and Ri plasmids; Opines and their significance; T-DNA transfer; Disarming the Ti plasmid, Agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery, Cointegrate and binary vectors and their utility. Direct gene transfer: PEG-mediated, electroporation, particle bombardment and alternative methods; Screenable and selectable markers. Development of transgenic plants – insect resistant, drought tolerant, flooding tolerant and nutritional improvement
Suggested Readings:
1. Allard RW (1981) Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons.
2. Roy D (2003) Plant Breeding, Analysis and Exploitation of Variation. Narosa Publ. House.
3. Sharma JR. (2001) Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw-Hill.
4. Singh BD. (2006) Plant Breeding. Kalyani.
5. Brown TA. (2016) Gene Cloning and Analysis: An Introduction. 7th edition. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, UK.
6. Dale JW, Schantz MV and Plant N (2011) From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology. 3rd edition. John Wiley & Sons, UK.
7. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ and Patten, CL (2010) Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. 4th edition. ASM Press, USA.
8. Green MR and Sambrook J (2012) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th edition. CSHL Press, USA.
9. Metzler DE (2003. Biochemistry. 2nd edition. Academic Press, USA.
10. Primrose SB and Twyman RM (2006). Principles of Genetic Manipulation and Genomics. 7th Edition. Blackwell Publishing, UK.
11. Jaiwal PK and Singh RP (eds) Plant Genetic Engineering Vol-1 to Vol. 9. Studium
12. Press, USA
13. Bhojwani SS and Razdan MK (1996) Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, Elsevier
14. Research articles and review articles related to the course contents provided by faculty during the course.